Present Simple

Prezent u engleskom jeziku

Present Simple ili Prezent je vreme koje se prvo uči kada krećemo sa savladavanjem engleskog jezika.

UKRATKO: Present Simple koristimo za trajne radnje i stanja; navike i rutinu; za činjenice i ono što je uvek tačno, kao i za izražavanje budućnosti kada govorimo o utvrđenim rasporedima.

SADRŽAJ:

GLAGOL BITI U PRESENT SIMPLE VREMENU

Glagol BITI je glagol na koji moramo obratiti posebnu pažnju kod građenja vremena, jer za njega važe malo drugačija pravila u odnosu na druge glagole.

Glagol BITI ima tri oblika u Present Simple vremenu koji zavise od lica (subjekta) rečenice.

Ta tri oblika su:

  • AM
  • IS
  • ARE

AM koristimo za prvo lice jednine – I (JA).

  • I am a student.
  • I am happy.
  • I am a fan of classical music.
  • I am always punctual.
  • I am interested in learning new languages.

IS koristimo za treće lice jednine – HE, SHE, IT (ON, ONA, ONO).

  • The sky is blue.
  • This book is interesting.
  • He is a doctor.
  • The cat is on the roof.
  • She is very talented.

It u engleskom jeziku mogu biti predmeti i stvari u jednini, kao i životinje, takođe u jednini.

  • The dog is very friendly.

  • This city is famous for its festivals.

  • Her dress is beautiful.

  • His car is quite old.

  • The weather is perfect today.

ARE koristimo za množinu i drugo lice jednine – WE, YOU, THEY, YOU (MI, VI, ONI, TI).

  • They are my best friends.

  • You are the best friend anyone could ask for.

  • The students are in the classroom.

  • You are always so helpful.

  • The flowers are beautiful.

  • You are very kind.

  • We are ready for the trip.

  • You are a talented musician.

  • The lights are on.

  • You are an excellent cook.

Da li se YOU odnosi na jednu osobu ili više možete zaključiti iz kontekta same rečenice:

  • You are a talented musician.
    • Ti si talentovan muzičar.
    • Kako znamo da se radi o jednoj osobi? Član a se koristi samo za jedninu. Takođe, musician je u jednini.
  • You are all invited to the party.
    • Vi ste svi pozvani na žurku.
    • Kako znamo da se radi o više osoba? Reč all znači svi, što nam automatski govori da se radi o više osoba.

They prevodimo kao oni. They, kao ličnu zamenicu, koristimo za ljude u množini (oni, one), za predmete i pojave u množini, kao i za životinje u množini. 

  • They are happy with their results.
  • They are always helpful.
  • They are my friends.
  • They are responsible for the project.
  • They are not ready yet.
  • They are busy with their work.
  • They are excited about the trip.
  • They are part of the team.

Izjavnu rečenicu (positive sentence) gradimo na sledeći način:

subjekat + am, is ili are

Na primer:

  • I am a student.
  • He is a doctor.
  • The cat is on the roof.
  • She is very talented.
  • We are ready for the trip.

  • They are my best friends.

  • You are the best friend anyone could ask for.

Odričnu rečenicu (negative sentence) gradimo na sledeći način:

subjekat + am not, is not ili are not

Kod glagola biti, rečca not se dodaje direktno na određeni oblik glagola biti.

  • am + not = am not
    • ‘m not (skraćeni oblik)
  • is + not = is not
    • isn’t (skraćeni oblik)
    • ‘s not (skraćeni oblik)
  • are + not = are not
    • aren’t (skraćeni oblik)
    • ‘re not (skraćeni oblik)

Na primer:

  • I’m not a fan of horror movies.

  • She isn’t at home right now.

  • The book isn’t on the shelf.

  • This city is not very large.

  • The weather is not good today.

  • We aren’t ready yet.

  • They are not at home.

Upitnu rečenicu (question) gradimo na sledeći način:

Am, Is ili Are + subjekat

Na primer:

  • Am I late for the meeting?

  • Am I supposed to bring anything for the party?

  • Is she a doctor?

  • Is the store open on Sundays?

  • Is he interested in joining the club?

  • Are you ready to leave?

  • Are they aware of the new policy?

  • Are the children ready for school?

  • Are we in the right place?

Ovo su bili primeri za “da li” pitanja, odnosno pitanja gde su odgovori da ili ne. Pitanja sa upitnim rečima (ko, šta, gde itd.) se nalaze u nastavku.

Wh- + am, is ili are + subjekat

Wh- se odnosi na upitne reči u engleskom jeziku. Upitne reči su označene kao wh- zato što većina ovih reči počinje sa wh. 

Na primer:

  • Who is your favorite author?
  • What is your favorite color?
  • When is the next meeting?
  • Where is the nearest bank?
  • Why is the sky blue?
  • How are you today?
  • Which is your seat?
  • Whose coat is this?
  • Whom is this gift for?

Više o upitnim rečima možete pročitati ovde. 

OSTALI GLAGOLI U PRESENT SIMPLE VREMENU

Svi ostali glagoli u Present Simple vremenu se ponašaju na isti način, tj. imaju dva oblika, jedan za treće lice jednine koji se obavezno završava na slovo s, i drugi koji koriste sva druga lica.

Svi glagoli u engleskom jeziku imaju nekoliko oblika i jedan od njih je osnovni oblik glagola, tj. infinitiv glagola.

Glagol u infinitivu je glagol u svom osnovnom obliku, bez ikakvih nastavaka, odnosno onako kako stoji u rečniku. Oblik infinitiva koji koristimo za Present Simple vreme je krnji infinitiv, odnosno infinitiv glagola bez to. Npr. pun infinitiv je to walk, a nama za Present Simple treba samo walk.

Radi pojednostavljenja svih formula u nastavku, krnji infinitiv glagola ćemo označiti sa V1 (verb one – prva kolona liste glagola, tj. infinitiv).

Izjavnu rečenicu (positive sentence) gradimo na sledeći način:

subjekat + V1*

Ako uzmemo glagol walk (šetati) kao primer u različitim licima će biti:

  • I walk
  • You walk
  • He walks
  • She walks
  • It walks
  • We walk
  • You walk
  • They walk

Na osnovu primera sa glagolom “walk” primećujemo da za većinu lica oblik glagola ostaje isti.

*Jedini izuzetak je za treće lice jednine gde smo dodali nastavak -s na kraju glagola. Svi glagoli u trećem licu jednine (he, she, it) završavaju se na -s, a nastavak koji dodajemo može biti -s ili -es.

Detaljnija formula za izjavnu rečenicu u Present Simple vremenu glasi:

subjekat + V1 + -s ili -es kod he, she, it

ODRIČNA REČENICA U PRESENT SIMPLE VREMENU

Formula za odrične rečenice (negative sentences) gradimo na sledeći način:

subjekat + don’t ili doesn’t + V1

Uz pomoć glagola walk i kroz sva lica to izgleda ovako:

  • I don’t walk
  • You don’t walk
  • He doesn’t walk
  • She doesn’t walk
  • It doesn’t walk
  • We don’t walk
  • You don’t walk
  • They don’t walk

U izjavnoj rečenici, he, she i it su imaju nastavak -s dodat na kraju glagola. U odričnoj rečenici, vidimo da više taj nastavak nemamo, već su svi oblici glavnog glagola isti.

Izmena za he, she i it se dešava kod pomoćnog glagola (pomoćni, jer nam pomaže da iskažemo negaciju). 

Pomoćni glagol koji koristimo u Present Simple vremenu je DO.

Za he, she i it on mora postati DOES (dodali smo mu nastavak -es).

Da bi izrazili negaciju, neophodna nam je rečca NOT i nju dodajemo na pomoćni glagol.

Tako dobijamo:

  • do not
    • don’t
  • does not
    • doesn’t

Neispravno je dodavati nastavak na glavni glagol, ako imamo pomoćni glagol does. Taj nastavak smo već dodali na does i potrebno je samo jednom to da uradimo.

  • He doesn’t like skiing.
  • He doesn’t likes skiing.
  • He don’t likes skiing.

"DA LI" PITANJA U PRESENT SIMPLE VREMENU

Formula za upitni oblik rečenice (question) se gradi na sledeći način:

Do / Does + subjekat + V1

Upitni oblik sa glagolom walk izgleda ovako:

  • Do I walk
  • Do you walk
  • Does he walk
  • Does she walk
  • Does it walk
  • Do we walk
  • Do you walk
  • Do they walk

Kod upitnog oblika, kao i kod odričnog oblika, na glavnom glagolu nemamo nastavak -s/-es, jer smo ga već dodali na pomoćni glagol (does).

KRATKI ODGOVORI

Na “da li” pitanja odgovaramo sa da ili ne. 

  • Do you like coffee?

Iako na ovo pitanje možemo da odgovorimo sa kratkim YES ili NO, pravilo je da se koriste kratki odgovori, tj:

  • Yes, I do.
  • No, I don’t.

Kratak odgovor se sastoji iz 3 dela:

  1. Yes ili No,
  2. Lična zamenica (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they)
  3. Pomoćni glagol (do, don’t, does, doesn’t)

U nastavku se nalaze primeri pitanja sa njihovim kratkim odgovorima:

  • I

    • Do I need to study more?

    • Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

  • You (jednina)

    • Do you like ice cream?

    • Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

  • He

    • Does he play football?

    • Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

  • She

    • Does she enjoy reading?

    • Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.

  • It

    • Does it work properly?

    • Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t.

  • We

    • Do we need more time?

    • Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.

  • You (množina)

    • Do you all agree?

    • Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.

  • They

    • Do they go to school?

    • Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.

PITANJA SA UPITNIM REČIMA

Formula za upitne rečenice sa upitnim rečima glasi:

Wh- + do ili does + subjekat + V1

U nastavku se nalaze primeri upitnih rečenica sa upitnim rečima:

  • What do you do in your free time?

  • Where does she work?

  • When do they usually wake up?

  • Why does he study so hard?

  • Who do you see every day?

  • How does your brother get to school?

U nastavku se nalazi slika sa upitnim rečima, njihovim značenjem i primerima.
UPITNE REČI u engleskom

PRAVILA PISANJA (SPELLING) PRILIKOM DODAVANJA NASTAVAKA

Glagol he/she/it Pravilo
walk
walks
osnovno pravilo: dodajemo nastavak -s na kraju glagola
drink
drinks
watch
watches
kod glagola koji se završavaju na -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -z, dodajemo nastavak -es na kraju glagola
miss
misses
study
studies
kod glagola koji se završavaju na y, a slovo pre y je suglasnik, onda y prelazi u i, i dodajemo nastavak -es
try
tries
do
does
dva izuzetka: dodajemo nastavak -es
go
goes
have
has
glagol imati je nepravilan i ima dva oblika

FORMULE GRAĐENJA PRESENT SIMPLE VREMENA

Present Simple formule

SUBJEKAT: ŠTA SVE MOŽE BITI SUBJEKAT

Subjekat može biti:

  • Osoba (jedna ili više):
    • He loves to dance.
    • John works at the bank.
    • Doctors help people stay healthy.
    • The President addresses the nation every month.
    • The manager organizes the meetings in the morning.
    • Someone left their umbrella here.
    • Everyone is welcome to join.
  • Mesto (jedno ili više):

    • The park is a great place for a picnic.

    • My hometown is beautiful in the spring.

    • Paris is known for its iconic landmarks.

    • It is located in the heart of the city.

    • They are famous for their beautiful landscapes.

    • The small village has a rich history.

    • Somewhere in the mountains lies a hidden treasure.

    • Anywhere with good weather sounds appealing.

    • Home is where the heart is.

    • Nature provides a sense of tranquility.

  • Predmet (jedan ili više):

    • The book is on the table.

    • The car is in the garage.

    • Chairs are arranged in a circle.

    • The Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark.

    • The Mona Lisa attracts many visitors.

    • Microsoft Word is a popular word processor.

    • It is broken. (mislimo na jedan predmet)

    • They are new. (mislimo na više predmeta)

    • The clocks show different times.

    • The old computer crashes too often.

    • Something is wrong with the machine.

    • Everything is in its place.

    • Books are a great source of knowledge.

    • Tools are kept in the garage.

    • Furniture can be expensive.

  • Životinja (jedna ili više):
    • The cat sleeps on the windowsill.
    • Rex is a very loyal dog.

    • It is very playful. (mislimo na jednu životinju)

    • They are nocturnal. (mislimo na više životinja)

    • The fluffy bunny hops around the yard.

    • The majestic lion roars loudly.

    • The hardworking ant carries a leaf.

    • Someone’s pet is lost.

    • Anyone’s dog can be trained.

    • Elephants are known for their intelligence.

    • Dolphins communicate with each other using clicks and whistles.

    • Wolves live in packs.

  • Ideja

    • Knowledge is power.

    • Freedom is cherished by many.

    • Happiness comes from within.

    • Love makes the world go round.

    • Peace is desired by all.

    • The Theory of Relativity is very complex.

    • Democracy allows people to have a voice.

    • It is important to stay positive. (mislimo na jednu ideju)

    • They are often debated topics. (mislimo na više ideja)

    • The concept of freedom is deeply rooted in human history.

    • The idea of love has inspired countless works of art.

    • The notion of justice varies across cultures.

    • Existentialism explores the meaning of life.

    • Utilitarianism focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number.

    • Relativism suggests that truth is subjective.

TRAJNE RADNJE I STANJA

Pod “trajnim radnjama” se podrazumevaju sve situacije koje su trajnog karaktera, odnosno duži period su takve.

  • They live in Belgrade.
  • She has three sisters.
  • The company produces high-quality electronics.
  • He works as a software engineer.
  • He speaks three languages fluently.

Stanja izražavamo upotrebom glagola stanja (stative or state verbs). Glagoli stanja su uvek u “simple” vremenima, kao što je i Present Simple. Pojedini glagoli stanja mogu da budu upotrebljeni u “continuous” vremenima, ali onda poprimaju drugačije značenje od svog originalnog. 

Na primer, glagol have može biti i glagol stanja i aktivni glagol (action verb).

  • I have a car. (značenje imam, posedujem)
  • I’m having a break. (značenje pravim pauzu)

Najčešći glagoli stanja su:

  • be
  • love
  • like
  • know
  • look

Primeri rečenica u Present Simple vremenu sa glagolima stanja:

  • The train station is located downtown.
  • I’m an English teacher.
  • His hair is black.
  • Their teacher’s name is Sarah.
  • I’m from Serbia.
  • My phone number is …
  • She looks so happy.
  • How much does this coat cost?
  • That sounds amazing.
Najčešći glagoli stanja 3
Najčešći glagoli stanja 2
Najčešći glagoli stanja 1

Ovde se nalazi lista najčešćih glagola stanja sa primerima u PDF-u.

Navike i rutine su radnje koje se dešavaju u određenoj učestalosti. Tu učestalost ćemo izraziti određenim vremenskim odrednicama od kojih su najčešći prilozi učestalosti (adverbs of frequency).

U nastavku se nalaze primeri rutina i navika sa vremenskim odrednicama koje nisu prilozi učestalosti:

  • She wakes up at 6 AM every day.

  • He exercises at the gym three times a week.

  • They have breakfast together every morning.

  • I read the newspaper before going to work.

  • We take a walk in the park every evening.

  • She studies for an hour after school each day.

  • He plays the piano on weekends.

  • They visit their grandparents every Sunday.

  • I check my email first thing in the morning.

  • We go grocery shopping every Saturday.

U nastavku se nalaze primeri rutina i navika sa prilozima učestalosti:

  • She regularly studies for an hour after school each day.

  • He occasionally plays the piano on weekends.

  • They often visit their grandparents every Sunday.

  • I always check my email first thing in the morning.

  • We usually go grocery shopping every Saturday.

  • I sometimes read the newspaper before going to work.

  • We frequently take a walk in the park every evening.

Najčešći prilozi učestalosti (adverbs of frequency) sa procentima učestalosti (procenti su naravno približne vrednosti, jer stvarno značenje rečenice zavisi i od konteksta):

  • Always: 100%

  • Usually: 90%

  • Often: 70%

  • Sometimes: 50%

  • Occasionally: 30%

  • Seldom: 10%

  • Rarely: 5%

  • Never: 0%

Ovaj procenat znači da kod npr. always u 100% slučajeva je tvrdnja tačna.

  • I always forget my shopping list. – Uvek (u 100% slučajeva) zaboravim listu za kupovinu.
  • She sometimes goes to bed before 11pm. – Ona ponekad (u 50% slučajeva) ide u krevet pre 11 uveče.

ČINJENICE

Činjenice, odnosno ono što je uvek tačno ili takvo, se takođe izražava upotrebnom Present Simple vremena.

  • The Earth revolves around the Sun.

  • Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

  • The Amazon is the largest rainforest in the world.

  • Birds lay eggs.

  • Humans need oxygen to survive.

  • The Nile is the longest river in the world.

  • Bats are mammals.

  • The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth.

  • The Great Wall of China is visible from space.

  • The speed of light is approximately 299,792 kilometers per second.

BUDUĆNOST

Present Simple vreme se koristi i za izražavanje radnji u budućnosti kada govorimo o utvrđenim rasporedima.

  • The train leaves at 6 PM.

  • The meeting starts in ten minutes.

  • The concert begins at 8 o’clock.

  • The flight departs at noon.

  • The store opens at 9 AM tomorrow.

  • The movie premieres next Friday.

  • The exam results come out next week.

  • Our team plays against theirs on Sunday.

  • The conference kicks off in two days.

  • The new semester starts in September.