Znakovi interpunkcije u engleskom jeziku

Pod znakove interpunkcije podrazumevamo:

Tačka

Početak rečenice pišemo velikim slovom, dok rečenicu završavamo sa tačkom (.) kao i u srpskom jeziku.

  • The capital of Serbia is Belgrade.

Inicijale imena takođe pišemo sa tačkom.

  • John F. Kennedy
  • J. K. Rowling

Neke skraćenice pišemo sa tačkom, a naročito:

  • latinske skraćenice:
    • etc.
    • e.g.
    • c.
    • i.e. 
  • skraćenice za mesece i dane, npr:
    • Aug.
    • Sat.

Zarez

Zarez koristimo kada nabrajamo. Uporedite sledeće slučajeve.

  • He is a polite, friendly person.
    • Zaraz stavljamo kada pridevi stoje ispred imenice (person) i slažu se po kategoriji prideva (dajemo naše mišljenje)
  • He has a nice German car.
    • Zarez ne stavljamo kada pridevi stoje ispred imenice (car) i različitih su kategorija (mišljenje i poreklo)
  • That person is polite, friendly and young.
    • Zarez stavljamo kada pridevi stoje iza imenice (person) bez obzira na kategorije.
    • Zarez ne stavljamo ispred and u Britanskom engleskom.
  • That car is nice, new, and red.
    • Zarez stavljamo kada pridevi stoje iza imenice (car) bez obzira na kategorije.
    • Zarez stavljamo ispred and u Američkom engleskom.

Zarez koristimo kada u rečenici želimo da izrazimo kratku pauzu posle određenih reči ili sintagmi.

  • There was an accident. Fortunately, no one was injured.
  • I really like her idea. But, I would like to know more about it. 
  • In all honesty, I don’t like that sofa. The color is ugly.

Zarez sa but, so, because koristimo na sledeće načine:

  • I like cats, but I don’t like dogs.
    • Zarez stavljamo ispred but kada imamo dve samostalne rečenice. I like cats. I don’t like dogs.
  • The car is new but dirty.
    • Zarez ne stavljamo ispred but kada imamo barem jednu nesamostalnu rečenicu.
      • The car is new. – ova rečenica može da stoji samostalno
      • But dirty. – ne može da stoji samostalno
  • It’s raining, so I need to bring my umbrella.
    • Zaraz stavljamo ispred so, u sredini rečenice, kada so ima značenje stoga, zatim, pa.
      • Pada kiša, stoga treba da ponesem kišobran.
  • She slowed down so I could catch up.
    • Zarez ne stavljamo ispred so, u sredini rečenice, kada so ima značenje da bi, tako da, kako bi.
      • Usporila je kako bih je ja sustigla.
  • Lilly had to buy a new phone because she lost her old one.
    • Zarez ne stavljamo ispred because, u sredini rečenice, jer je rečenica započeta sa samostalnom rečenicom (nezavisnom rečenicom).
  • Because she lost her old phone, Lilly had to buy a new one.
    • Zarez stavljamo iza zavisne rečenice (nesamostalne) kada rečenica počinje sa because.
  • Lilly didn’t buy those jeans because of the price.
    • Ova rečenica može da se razume na dva načina:
      • Lili nije kupila farmerke zbog njihove cene.
      • Lili nije kupila farmerke zbog njihove cene (već iz nekog drugog razloga, što znači da ih jeste kupila)
    • Da bi olakšali razumevanje ovakvih rečenica (često su odrične) zarez nam može biti od pomoći:
      • Lilly didn’t buy those jeans, because of the price. (Lili nije kupila farmerke zbog njihove cene.)
      • Lilly didn’t buy those jeans because of the price, but because she really liked them. (Lili je kupila farmerke jer su joj se svidele.)

Zarez koristimo u rečenicama sa if i when, ako smo rečenicu započeli sa if ili when.

  • If she invites me to her party, I will go. (koristimo zarez da razdvojimo ove dve celine)
  • I will go to her party if she invites me. (ne koristimo zaraz zato što smo rečenicu započeli sa glavnim delom)
  • My dog gets scared when there is a storm outside.
  • When there is a storm outside, my dog gets scared.

Zarez koristimo i da odvojimo dodatne informacije u rečenici, odnosno one informacije bez kojih je rečenica i dalje jasna.

  • This car, which was made in Japan, was very expensive. (Ukoliko odstranimo – which was made in Japan – rečenica je i dalje razumljiva.)

Zarez koristimo kod kratkih odgovora i upitnih izraza.

  • He will learn German in school, won’t he?
  • Are you a student? Yes, I am.
  • Were you at home last night? No, I wasn’t. 

Zarez koristimo i sa upravnim govorom.

  • Sally said, “Please be careful.” (Zarez stavljamo ispred upravnog govora, ako se upravni govor nalazi u drugom delu rečenice.)
  • “Please be careful,” Sally said. (Zarez stavljamo na kraju upravnog govora, a pre zatvaranja navodnika, kada se upravni govor nalazi na početku rečenice.)

Dve tačke

Dve tačke koristimo kada nabrajamo listu nečega.

  • There are several colors in the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

Dve tačke ne koristimo između:

  • imenice i njenog glagola,
    • Colors of the rainbow are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
  • glagola i njegovog objekta ili komplementa,
    • My mother put: a cookie tray on the picnic table.
  • priloga i njegovog objekta
    • Yesterday, I listened to: some rock music.
  • subjekta i njegovog predikata
    • Some of Sally’s favourite colors: are red, blue and green.

Dve tačke možemo da koristimo ispred navodnika.

  • Sally said: “Please be careful.”

Dve tačke koristimo da izrazimo sate i odnose brojeva.

  • 11:11 a.m.
  • 3:1

Dve tačke možemo da koristimo da odvojimo naslov od podnaslova.

  • How to Title an Essay: Tips and Examples

Tačka i zarez

Tačku i zarez koristimo između dve nezavisne (samostalne rečenice) čije su poruke slične. Između dve nezavisne rečenice ne možemo koristiti zarez, ali možemo da koristimo određene prelazne reči.

  • Jack’s sister wants to become a doctor; she wants to help people.
  • Jack’s sister wants to become a doctor, she wants to help people.
  • Jack’s sister wants to become a doctor because she wants to help people.

Tačku i zarez možemo da koristimo u dugačkim nabrajanjima, kada želimo da pomognemo čitaocu da bolje razume informacije koje predstavljamo.

  • My plan is to buy some milk and cheese from the grocery store; a few books for the kids from the bookstore; and some treats for our dog from the pet store. 

Znak pitanja

Znak pitanja koristimo da označimo rečenicu kao upitnu.

  • Are you sure?
  • You won’t forget, will you?

Uzvičnik

Uzvičnik koristimo da označimo rečenicu kao uzvičnu. Uzvičnik ćemo koristiti u neformalnom obraćanju.

  • Be careful!
  • Don’t do that!

Znaci navoda

Znake navoda koristimo kada upotrebljavamo reči drugog autora. Ukoliko citiramo drugog autora od reči do reči neophodno je da koristimo znake navoda, ukoliko parafraziramo ne moramo koristiti znake navoda.

  • Stephen D. Krashen stated that the integrative motivation is “defined as the desire to be like valued members of the
    community that speak the second language.”
  • Stephen D. Krashen defines “integrative motivation” as a type of motivation that stems from the students’ desire to be able to communicate effectively with other members of the same language community.

Znake navoda koristimo i u upravnom govoru.

  • Sally said, “Please be careful.”

Znake navoda koristimo da izrazimo ironiju, sarkazam ili sumnju. Obično se stavlja na jednu reč, a ponekad i na fraze.

  • My “friend” only calls me when he needs something.

Znake navoda koristimo i ukoliko želimo da isteknemo samu reč, a ne njeno značenje.

  • “B” in climb is silent.
  • In American English, “practice” is both a noun and a verb. In British English, “practice” is a noun, while “practise” is a verb.

Znake navoda koristimo i za nadimke poznatih ličnosti.

  • Did you know that Keanu Reeves’s nickname is “The Wall”?

Povlaka

U engleskom jeziku postoje dve vrste povlake em dash (povlaka je jednake širine kao veliko slovo M (—)) i en dash (povlaka je jednake širine kao veliko slovo N (–)).

En dash (–) koristimo da bi izrazili odnos između brojeva, odnosno datume, godine, stranice, procente i sl.

  • He was in the position of manager during the years 2014–2016.
  • Please read pages 68–70 for homework.
  • The price increase was between 20%–30%.
  • Their working hours are between 10 a.m.–2 p.m.

En dash (–) koristimo da bi predstavili odnos između dva mesta.

  • Boston–London flight was delayed by 15 minutes.

En dash (–) koristimo i da bi povezali dve ideje ili ih uporedili i time uklonili konfuziju kod čitaoca.

  • povezivanje: The brother–sister relationship is very important in the early childhood.
  • poređenje: Their cat–dog relationship can be annoying sometimes.

En dash (–) koristimo da bi povezali složenu imenicu sa prefiksom ili da bi povezali složenu imenicu sa složenim pridevom. Složena imenica je, u tom slučaju, uvek bez crtice.

  • High school–aged students joined our volunteer efforts. 
  • Post–World War II period 

Em dash (—) služi kao zamena za druge znakove interpunkcije. Em povlaka može da zameni zagrade kada dodajemo informacije koje nisu neophodne za razumevanje rečenice, ali daju dodatne informacije.

  • She brought her favorite dessert—chocolate cake—to the party.

Em dash (—) možemo da koristimo umesto tri tačke (…) da bi nešto naglasili.

  • She finally achieved her dream—after years of hard work and dedication.

Em dash (—) možemo da koristimo umesto dve tačke (:) da bi nešto nabrojali.

  • The recipe called for several ingredients—flour, sugar, eggs, and vanilla extract.

Em dash (—) možemo da koristimo umesto zareza (,) da iskažemo pauzu.

  • He wanted to apologize—he really did—but the words just wouldn’t come out.

Em dash (—) možemo da koristimo kod citata kada navodimo autora na kraju rečenice.

  • “The only way to do great work is to love what you do.” — Steve Jobs

Em dash (—) možemo da koristimo u upravnom govoru kada želimo da istaknemo prekinut tok razgovora ili misli.

  • “I thought I saw—wait, what was that?”

  • “He said he would—actually, never mind.”

Crtica

Crtice su najkraće “povlake” i služe za povezivanje reči, najčešće kod fraza i složenih imenica.

  • You CV should be up-to-date.
  • Proper diet is crucial for your well-being.
  • My mother-in-law is of great help with regards to the kids. 

Zagrade

Zagrade () se koriste u nekoliko različitih situacija:

  • objašnjenja:
    • Novi Sad (the second largest city in Serbia) is a beautiful place to visit.
  • dodatne informacije:
    • He loves to play video games (especially horror games) in his free time.
  • pojašnjenje:
    • I have a doctor’s appointment at 2 pm (14:00) on Tuesday.
  • akronimi:
    • This suncream says it has a SPF (sun protection factor) of 50.
  • Dodatni nazivi i imena:
    • The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is the fastest land animal.
  • Datumi:
    • The organization was founded in 2004 (over 20 years ago).
    • Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) was famous for his theory of relativity.
  • Primeri:
    • Many fruits (such as apples, bananas and lemons) can be bought in stores throughout the entire year.
  • Kratki prevodi:
    • The only thing he knew to say in French was oui (yes).